Перевод: со всех языков на английский

с английского на все языки

steel-making iron

  • 1 direct iron (steel) making operation

    прямое производство чугуна или стали (непосредственно из железной руды с применением угля и кислорода, вводимых в расплав)

    Англо-русский словарь промышленной и научной лексики > direct iron (steel) making operation

  • 2 direct iron (steel) making operation

    прямое производство чугуна или стали (непосредственно из железной руды с применением угля и кислорода, вводимых в расплав)

    Англо-русский словарь промышленной и научной лексики > direct iron (steel) making operation

  • 3 iron

    [ˈaɪən]
    1. noun
    1) ( also adjective) (of) an element that is the most common metal, is very hard, and is widely used for making tools etc:

    iron determination (= very strong determination).

    حَديدي، صَلْب
    2) a flat-bottomed instrument that is heated up and used for smoothing clothes etc:

    I've burnt a hole in my dress with the iron.

    مِكْواة
    3) a type of golf-club.
    مِضْرَب خاص في لُعْبَة الغولْف
    2. verb
    to smooth (clothes etc) with an iron:

    I've been ironing all afternoon.

    يَكوي

    Arabic-English dictionary > iron

  • 4 steel

    [stiːl] noun, adjective
    1.
    (of) a very hard alloy of iron and carbon, used for making tools etc:

    steel knives/chisels

    He had a grip of steel (= a very strong grip).

    فولاذ
    2. verb
    to harden and strengthen (oneself, one's nerves etc) in preparation for doing, or resisting, something:

    He steeled himself to meet the attack / to tell his wife the truth.

    يَسْتَجْمِعُ قُوَّتَه وشَجاعَتَه

    Arabic-English dictionary > steel

  • 5 передельный чугун

    Русско-английский новый политехнический словарь > передельный чугун

  • 6 передельный чугун

    1) Engineering: open-hearth pig iron (мартеновский), pig iron, steelmaking iron, steelmaking pig iron
    3) Electrochemistry: open hearth iron

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > передельный чугун

  • 7 передельный чугун

    conversion pig iron, pig iron, steel-making iron

    Русско-английский исловарь по машиностроению и автоматизации производства > передельный чугун

  • 8 чугун

    * * *
    чугу́н м.
    выпуска́ть чугу́н ( из доменной печи) — tap pig iron (from a blast furnace) (Примечание. В контексте pig iron заменяется термином the metal.)
    модифици́ровать чугу́н — inoculate pig iron
    разлива́ть чугу́н — cast [pour, teem] pig iron, cast the metal
    бе́лый чугу́н — white cast iron
    высоколеги́рованный чугу́н — high-alloy cast iron
    высокопро́чный чугу́н — high-duty [high-strength] cast iron
    чугу́н горя́чего хо́да — hot-blast [hot-blown] pig iron
    древесноу́гольный чугу́н — charcoal pig iron
    зерка́льный чугу́н — mirror [specular] iron, spiegeleisen
    ко́вкий чугу́н — malleable cast iron
    ко́ксовый чугу́н — coke pig iron
    крупнозерни́стый чугу́н — (very) open-grained pig iron
    леги́рованный чугу́н — alloy cast iron
    малофо́сфористый чугу́н — low-phosphorus pig iron
    машинострои́тельный чугу́н — engineering cast iron
    мелкозерни́стый чугу́н — fine-grained pig iron
    модифици́рованный чугу́н — inoculated [modified] cast iron
    некондицио́нный чугу́н — off(-analysis) [off-grade] pig iron
    нема́рочный чугу́н — ungraded pig iron
    низкокремни́стый чугу́н — dry pig iron
    ноздрева́тый чугу́н — porous [open-grained] cast iron
    отбелё́нный чугу́н — chilled cast iron
    переде́льный чугу́н — (conversion) [steel-making] pig iron
    полови́нчатый чугу́н — mottled cast iron
    приро́дно-леги́рованный чугу́н — natural alloyed pig iron
    се́рый чугу́н — grey cast iron
    твё́рдый чугу́н ( при загрузке в конвертер) — cold pig iron

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > чугун

  • 9 Riley, James

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1840 Halifax, England
    d. 15 July 1910 Harrogate, England
    [br]
    English steelmaker who promoted the manufacture of low-carbon bulk steel by the open-hearth process for tin plate and shipbuilding; pioneer of nickel steels.
    [br]
    After working as a millwright in Halifax, Riley found employment at the Ormesby Ironworks in Middlesbrough until, in 1869, he became manager of the Askam Ironworks in Cumberland. Three years later, in 1872, he was appointed Blast-furnace Manager at the pioneering Siemens Steel Company's works at Landore, near Swansea in South Wales. Using Spanish ore, he produced the manganese-rich iron (spiegeleisen) required as an additive to make satisfactory steel. Riley was promoted in 1874 to be General Manager at Landore, and he worked with William Siemens to develop the use of the latter's regenerative furnace for the production of open-hearth steel. He persuaded Welsh makers of tin plate to use sheets rolled from lowcarbon (mild) steel instead of from charcoal iron and, partly by publishing some test results, he was instrumental in influencing the Admiralty to build two naval vessels of mild steel, the Mercury and the Iris.
    In 1878 Riley moved north on his appointment as General Manager of the Steel Company of Scotland, a firm closely associated with Charles Tennant that was formed in 1872 to make steel by the Siemens process. Already by 1878, fourteen Siemens melting furnaces had been erected, and in that year 42,000 long tons of ingots were produced at the company's Hallside (Newton) Works, situated 8 km (5 miles) south-east of Glasgow. Under Riley's leadership, steelmaking in open-hearth furnaces was initiated at a second plant situated at Blochairn. Plates and sections for all aspects of shipbuilding, including boilers, formed the main products; the company also supplied the greater part of the steel for the Forth (Railway) Bridge. Riley was associated with technical modifications which improved the performance of steelmaking furnaces using Siemens's principles. He built a gasfired cupola for melting pig-iron, and constructed the first British "universal" plate mill using three-high rolls (Lauth mill).
    At the request of French interests, Riley investigated the properties of steels containing various proportions of nickel; the report that he read before the Iron and Steel Institute in 1889 successfully brought to the notice of potential users the greatly enhanced strength that nickel could impart and its ability to yield alloys possessing substantially lower corrodibility.
    The Steel Company of Scotland paid dividends in the years to 1890, but then came a lean period. In 1895, at the age of 54, Riley moved once more to another employer, becoming General Manager of the Glasgow Iron and Steel Company, which had just laid out a new steelmaking plant at Wishaw, 25 km (15 miles) south-east of Glasgow, where it already had blast furnaces. Still the technical innovator, in 1900 Riley presented an account of his experiences in introducing molten blast-furnace metal as feed for the open-hearth steel furnaces. In the early 1890s it was largely through Riley's efforts that a West of Scotland Board of Conciliation and Arbitration for the Manufactured Steel Trade came into being; he was its first Chairman and then its President.
    In 1899 James Riley resigned from his Scottish employment to move back to his native Yorkshire, where he became his own master by acquiring the small Richmond Ironworks situated at Stockton-on-Tees. Although Riley's 1900 account to the Iron and Steel Institute was the last of the many of which he was author, he continued to contribute to the discussion of papers written by others.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, West of Scotland Iron and Steel Institute 1893–5. Vice-President, Iron and Steel Institute, 1893–1910. Iron and Steel Institute (London) Bessemer Gold Medal 1887.
    Bibliography
    1876, "On steel for shipbuilding as supplied to the Royal Navy", Transactions of the Institute of Naval Architects 17:135–55.
    1884, "On recent improvements in the method of manufacture of open-hearth steel", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 2:43–52 plus plates 27–31.
    1887, "Some investigations as to the effects of different methods of treatment of mild steel in the manufacture of plates", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 1:121–30 (plus sheets II and III and plates XI and XII).
    27 February 1888, "Improvements in basichearth steel making furnaces", British patent no. 2,896.
    27 February 1888, "Improvements in regenerative furnaces for steel-making and analogous operations", British patent no. 2,899.
    1889, "Alloys of nickel and steel", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 1:45–55.
    Further Reading
    A.Slaven, 1986, "James Riley", in Dictionary of Scottish Business Biography 1860–1960, Volume 1: The Staple Industries (ed. A.Slaven and S. Checkland), Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 136–8.
    "Men you know", The Bailie (Glasgow) 23 January 1884, series no. 588 (a brief biography, with portrait).
    J.C.Carr and W.Taplin, 1962, History of the British Steel Industry, Harvard University Press (contains an excellent summary of salient events).
    JKA

    Biographical history of technology > Riley, James

  • 10 acero

    m.
    steel.
    acero galvanizado galvanized steel
    acero inoxidable stainless steel
    acero de tungsteno tungsten steel
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: acerar.
    * * *
    1 steel
    2 (espada) sword, steel
    1 (valor) courage sing, bravery sing
    \
    tener (los) nervios de acero to have nerves of steel
    acero fundido cast steel
    acero inoxidable stainless steel
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    * * *
    masculino (Metal) steel; ( arma) (liter) blade (liter)
    * * *
    = steel.
    Ex. Steel, for example, is one kind of metal.
    ----
    * acero adamascado = damask steel.
    * acero cepillado = brushed steel.
    * acero damasquinado = damask steel.
    * acero de Damasco = damask steel, Damascus steel.
    * acero esmaltado = enamel steel.
    * acero inoxidable = stainless steel.
    * acero pulido = brushed steel.
    * buril de acero = steel point.
    * cable de acero = wire rope.
    * chapa de acero = steel sheet.
    * Comunidad Europea del Carbón y el Acero (CECA) = European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
    * con estructura de acero = steel-framed.
    * de estructura de acero = steel-framed.
    * fabricación de acero = steelmaking [steel making].
    * fábrica de laminación de acero = steel mill.
    * fundición de acero = steelmaking [steel making].
    * grabado en acero = steel engraving.
    * industria del acero = steel industry.
    * nervios de acero = nerves of steel.
    * planta de laminación de acero = steel mill.
    * telón de acero, el = iron curtain, the.
    * * *
    masculino (Metal) steel; ( arma) (liter) blade (liter)
    * * *

    Ex: Steel, for example, is one kind of metal.

    * acero adamascado = damask steel.
    * acero cepillado = brushed steel.
    * acero damasquinado = damask steel.
    * acero de Damasco = damask steel, Damascus steel.
    * acero esmaltado = enamel steel.
    * acero inoxidable = stainless steel.
    * acero pulido = brushed steel.
    * buril de acero = steel point.
    * cable de acero = wire rope.
    * chapa de acero = steel sheet.
    * Comunidad Europea del Carbón y el Acero (CECA) = European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
    * con estructura de acero = steel-framed.
    * de estructura de acero = steel-framed.
    * fabricación de acero = steelmaking [steel making].
    * fábrica de laminación de acero = steel mill.
    * fundición de acero = steelmaking [steel making].
    * grabado en acero = steel engraving.
    * industria del acero = steel industry.
    * nervios de acero = nerves of steel.
    * planta de laminación de acero = steel mill.
    * telón de acero, el = iron curtain, the.

    * * *
    1 ( Metal) steel
    2 ( liter) (arma) blade ( liter)
    Compuestos:
    stainless steel
    ● acero colado or fundido
    cast steel
    special steels
    * * *

     

    Del verbo acerar: ( conjugate acerar)

    acero es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    aceró es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    acerar    
    acero
    acero sustantivo masculino (Metal) steel;

    acero sustantivo masculino
    1 steel
    acero inoxidable, stainless steel
    figurado tiene unos nervios de acero, she's got nerves of steel
    2 (espada) sword: toreó bien, pero falló con el acero, he fought the bull well, but he couldn't manage to plunge the sword

    ' acero' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    CECA
    - inoxidable
    - laminada
    - laminado
    - pulmón
    English:
    make
    - nerve
    - stainless
    - steel
    - steel-plated
    - iron
    - out of
    * * *
    acero nm
    1. [metal] steel;
    nervios de acero nerves of steel
    acero al carbono carbon steel;
    acero galvanizado galvanized steel;
    acero inoxidable stainless steel
    2. [espada] blade
    * * *
    m steel;
    tener nervios de acero have nerves of steel
    * * *
    acero nm
    : steel
    acero inoxidable: stainless steel
    * * *
    acero n steel

    Spanish-English dictionary > acero

  • 11 siderurgia

    f.
    1 iron and steel industry.
    2 steelworks, siderurgy.
    * * *
    1 iron and steel industry
    * * *
    * * *
    femenino iron and steel industry
    * * *
    femenino iron and steel industry
    * * *
    iron and steel industry
    * * *

    siderurgia sustantivo femenino
    iron and steel industry
    siderurgia sustantivo femenino iron and steel industry
    * * *
    iron and steel industry
    * * *
    f iron and steel making
    * * *
    : iron and steel industry

    Spanish-English dictionary > siderurgia

  • 12 fundición

    f.
    1 foundry, steel mill, ironworks, iron foundry.
    2 melting, founding, casting, font.
    3 smelting, melt, alloy.
    4 font.
    * * *
    1 (derretimiento) melting
    2 (de metales) smelting
    4 (lugar) foundry, smelting works
    \
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=acción) [de mineral] smelting; [en moldes] casting; [de lingotes, joyas] melting down
    2) (=fábrica) foundry
    3) (=hierro fundido) cast iron
    4) (Tip) font
    * * *
    femenino ( de metales) smelting; ( hierro colado) cast iron; ( taller) foundry
    * * *
    = casting, smelting.
    Ex. Matrix and mould were pivoted and were brought up to the nozzle of a metal pump for the moment of casting, and then swung back to eject the new-made letter.
    Ex. The sketchbook features drawings illustrating the liberal arts (including personifications of the planets), the chivalrous life (including hunting and love), household remedies, mining and smelting, and war technology.
    ----
    * fundición de acero = steelmaking [steel making].
    * fundición de tipos = typefounding.
    * planta de fundición = smelting plant.
    * punto de fundición = melting point.
    * taller de fundición = foundry.
    * taller de fundición de tipos = type-foundry.
    * * *
    femenino ( de metales) smelting; ( hierro colado) cast iron; ( taller) foundry
    * * *
    = casting, smelting.

    Ex: Matrix and mould were pivoted and were brought up to the nozzle of a metal pump for the moment of casting, and then swung back to eject the new-made letter.

    Ex: The sketchbook features drawings illustrating the liberal arts (including personifications of the planets), the chivalrous life (including hunting and love), household remedies, mining and smelting, and war technology.
    * fundición de acero = steelmaking [steel making].
    * fundición de tipos = typefounding.
    * planta de fundición = smelting plant.
    * punto de fundición = melting point.
    * taller de fundición = foundry.
    * taller de fundición de tipos = type-foundry.

    * * *
    A
    1 (de metales) smelting
    2 (hierro colado) cast iron
    3 (taller) foundry
    B ( Impr) font
    * * *

    fundición sustantivo femenino
    1 (proceso) smelting
    2 (taller) foundry: son pilares de fundición, they are cast-iron pillars
    ' fundición' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    fusión
    - escoria
    - factoría
    English:
    casting
    - foundry
    * * *
    1. [taller] foundry
    fundición de acero steelworks [singular], steel mill
    2. [fusión] smelting
    3. [aleación] cast iron
    * * *
    f
    1 acción smelting
    2 fábrica foundry
    * * *
    fundición nf, pl - ciones
    1) : founding, smelting
    2) : foundry

    Spanish-English dictionary > fundición

  • 13 Monell, Ambrose

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1874 New York, USA
    d. 2 May 1921 Beacon, New York, USA
    [br]
    American metallurgist who gave his name to a successful nickel-copper alloy.
    [br]
    After graduating from Columbia University in 1896. Monell became a metallurgical engineer to the Carnegie Steel Company, rising in six years to be Assistant to the President. In 1900, while Manager of the company's open-hearth steelworks at Pittsburg, he patented a procedure for making high-carbon steel in basic conditions on the hearth of a fixed/stationary furnace; the method was intended to refine pig-iron containing substantial proportions of phosphorus and to do so relatively quickly. The process was introduced at the Homestead Works of the Carnegie Steel Company in February 1900, where it continued in use for some years. In April 1902 Monell was among those who launched the International Nickel Company of New Jersey in order to bring together a number of existing nickel interests; he became the new company's President. In 1904–5, members of the company's metallurgical staff produced an alloy of about 70 parts nickel and 30 copper which seemed to show great commercial promise on account of its high resistance to corrosion and its good appearance. Monell agreed to the suggestion that the new alloy should be given his name; for commercial reasons it was marketed as "Monel metal". In 1917, following the entry of the USA into the First World War, Monell was commissioned Colonel in the US Army (Aviation) for overseas service, relinquishing his presidency of the International Nickel Company but remaining as a director. At the time of his death he was also a director in several other companies in the USA.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1900, British patent no. 5506 (taken out by O. Imray on behalf of Monell).
    Monell insinuated an account of his steel-making procedure at a meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute held in London and reported in The Journal of the Iron and Steel
    Institute (1900) 1:71–80; some of the comments made by other speakers, particularly B.Talbot, were adverse. The following year (1901) Monell produced a general historical review: "A summary of development in open-hearth steel", Iron Trade
    Review 14(14 November):39–47.
    Further Reading
    A.J.Wadhams, 1931, "The story of the nickel industry", Metals and Alloys 2(3):166–75 (mentions Monell among many others, and includes a portrait (p. 170)).
    JKA

    Biographical history of technology > Monell, Ambrose

  • 14 способ

    device, manner, mean, medium, method, mode, practice, process, system, technique, technology, theory, way
    * * *
    спо́соб м.
    1. fashion, manner, way
    2. ( технологический процесс) process, method, practice
    спо́соб гидромеханиза́ции ( в строительстве плотин) — hydraulic fill method
    графи́ческий спо́соб (напр. решения или анализа) — graphical method
    спо́соб до́ступа к да́нным ( не путать с ме́тодом до́ступа) вчт. — (data) access technique (not to confuse with access method)
    спо́соб защемле́ния стр. — form of constraint
    спо́соб испыта́ния — test(ing) technique
    спо́соб конфе́кции покры́шек, до́рновый — core-type building method
    спо́соб конфе́кции покры́шек, полудо́рновый — shoulder-drum tyre building method
    мо́крый спо́соб ( в производстве кирпича) — wet-mud process
    спо́соб очи́стки воды́, электромагни́тный — electromagnetic water treatment
    спо́соб перево́да пигме́нтной ко́пии, мо́крый полигр. — wet laying
    спо́соб перево́да пигме́нтной ко́пии, сухо́й полигр. — dry laying
    пласти́ческий спо́соб ( в производстве кирпича) — soft-mud process
    спо́соб подстано́вки изм. — substitution method
    полусухо́й спо́соб ( в производстве кирпича) — stiff-mud process
    спо́соб получе́ния желе́за, внедо́менный — nonblast-furnace (route of) iron-making
    спо́соб получе́ния се́рной кислоты́, ба́шенный — tower sulphuric acid process
    спо́соб получе́ния се́рной кислоты́, ка́мерный — chamber sulphuric acid process
    спо́соб получе́ния се́рной кислоты́, конта́ктный — contact sulphuric acid process
    спо́соб получе́ния се́рной кислоты́, нитро́зный — nitrous sulphuric acid process
    спо́соб получе́ния со́ды, аммиа́чный — ammonium soda [Solvay] process
    спо́соб получе́ния ста́ли — steel-making process, steel-making technique, steel-making practice
    спо́соб получе́ния ста́ли в электропеча́х — electric steel-making
    спо́соб получе́ния ста́ли, кислоро́дно-конве́рторный — oxygen steel-making
    спо́соб приготовле́ния те́ста, безопа́рный — straight dough method
    спо́соб приготовле́ния те́ста, опа́рный — sponge dough method
    спо́соб произво́дства — (production) process, technology, practice
    спо́соб прока́тки, ба́лочный — beam (method of) rolling
    спо́соб прока́тки в закры́тых кали́брах — tongue-and-groove (rolling) method
    спо́соб прока́тки в накло́нных кали́брах — diagonal (method of) rolling, angular (method of) rolling
    спо́соб прока́тки в прямы́х кали́брах — flat [slab-and-edging] (method of) rolling
    спо́соб прока́тки, паке́тный — pack rolling
    спо́соб прока́тки, плоскореброво́й — flat-and-edge [edging] (method of) rolling
    спо́соб прока́тки, руло́нный — coil rolling
    спо́соб прока́тки с изги́бом — butterfly (method of) rolling
    противото́чный спо́соб — counter-flow process
    спо́соб прохо́дки ствола́ — shaft sinking (method)
    спо́соб прохо́дки тунне́ля марчева́нами — poling-board method of tunneling
    спо́соб прохо́дки тунне́ля, откры́тый — cut-and-cover method of tunneling
    спо́соб прямо́го восстановле́ния ( железа из руды) — direct reduction process
    спо́соб разрабо́тки горн. — mining (method)
    спо́соб разрабо́тки, откры́тый — open-cut [open-cast] mining (method)
    спо́соб разрабо́тки, подзе́мный — underground mining (method)
    спо́соб регенера́ции рези́ны — rubber regeneration process
    спо́соб регенера́ции рези́ны, во́дно-нейтра́льный — water-cooking rubber regeneration process
    спо́соб регенера́ции рези́ны, щелочно́й — alkali rubber regeneration process
    спо́соб сва́рки — welding, process (см. тж. сварка)
    сокращё́нный спо́соб — short-cut method
    спо́соб сухо́го прессова́ния ( в производстве кирпича) — dry-press process
    спо́соб шлифо́вки вреза́нием — plunge grinding

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > способ

  • 15 Percy, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 23 March 1817 Nottingham, England
    d. 19 June 1889 London, England
    [br]
    English metallurgist, first Professor of Metallurgy at the School of Mines, London.
    [br]
    After a private education, Percy went to Paris in 1834 to study medicine and to attend lectures on chemistry by Gay-Lussac and Thenard. After 1838 he studied medicine at Edinburgh, obtaining his MD in 1839. In that year he was appointed Professor of Chemistry at Queen's College, Birmingham, moving to Queen's Hospital at Birmingham in 1843. During his time at Birmingham, Percy became well known for his analysis of blast furnace slags, and was involved in the manufacture of optical glass. On 7 June 1851 Percy was appointed Metallurgical Professor and Teacher at the Museum of Practical Geology established in Jermyn Street, London, and opened in May 1851. In November of 1851, when the Museum became the Government (later Royal) School of Mines, Percy was appointed Lecturer in Metallurgy. In addition to his work at Jermyn Street, Percy lectured on metallurgy to the Advanced Class of Artillery at Woolwich from 1864 until his death, and from 1866 he was Superintendent of Ventilation at the Houses of Parliament. He served from 1861 to 1864 on the Special Committee on Iron set up to examine the performance of armour-plate in relation to its purity, composition and structure.
    Percy is best known for his metallurgical text books, published by John Murray. Volume I of Metallurgy, published in 1861, dealt with fuels, fireclays, copper, zinc and brass; Volume II, in 1864, dealt with iron and steel; a volume on lead appeared in 1870, followed by one on fuels and refractories in 1875, and the first volume on gold and silver in 1880. Further projected volumes on iron and steel, noble metals, and on copper, did not materialize. In 1879 Percy resigned from his School of Mines appointment in protest at the proposed move from Jermyn Street to South Kensington. The rapid growth of Percy's metallurgical collection, started in 1839, eventually forced him to move to a larger house. After his death, the collection was bought by the South Kensington (later Science) Museum. Now comprising 3,709 items, it provides a comprehensive if unselective record of nineteenth-century metallurgy, the most interesting specimens being those of the first sodium-reduced aluminium made in Britain and some of the first steel produced by Bessemer in Baxter House. Metallurgy for Percy was a technique of chemical extraction, and he has been criticized for basing his system of metallurgical instruction on this assumption. He stood strangely aloof from new processes of steel making such as that of Gilchrist and Thomas, and tended to neglect early developments in physical metallurgy, but he was the first in Britain to teach metallurgy as a discipline in its own right.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1847. President, Iron and Steel Institute 1885, 1886.
    Bibliography
    1861–80, Metallurgy, 5 vols, London: John Murray.
    Further Reading
    S.J.Cackett, 1989, "Dr Percy and his metallurgical collection", Journal of the Hist. Met. Society 23(2):92–8.
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Percy, John

  • 16 Dudley, Dud

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1599
    d. 25 October 1684 Worcester, England
    [br]
    English ironmaster who drew attention to the need to change from charcoal to coal as a fuel for iron smelting.
    [br]
    Dudley was the fourth natural son of Edward Sutton, fifth Baron Dudley. In 1619 he was summoned from Balliol College, Oxford, to superintend his father's ironworks at Pensnet in Worcestershire. There had long been concern at the destruction of the forests in order to make charcoal for the smelting of iron ore, and unsuccessful attempts had been made to substitute coal as a fuel. Finding that charcoal was in short supply and coal plentiful near Pensnet, Dudley was stimulated by these attempts to try the process for himself. He claimed to have made good, marketable iron and in 1621 his father obtained a patent from the King to protect his process for thirty-one years. After a serious flood, Dudley moved to Staffordshire and continued his efforts there. In 1639 he was granted a further patent for making iron with coal. Although he probably made some samples of good iron, more by luck than judgement, it is hardly possible that he achieved consistent success. He blamed this on the machinations of other ironmasters. The day that King Charles II landed in England to assume his throne', Dudley petitioned him to renew his patents, but he was refused and he ceased to promote his invention. In 1665, however, he published his celebrated book Metallum Martis, Iron Made with Pit-Coaky Sea-Coale…. In this he described his efforts in general terms, but neither there nor in his patents does he give any technical details of his methods. He implied the use of slack or small coal from the Staffordshire Thick or Ten Yard coal, but this has a sulphur content that would have rendered the iron unusable; in addition, this coal would not have been suitable for converting to coke in order to remove the sulphur. Nevertheless, Dudley recognized the need to change from charcoal to coal as a fuel for iron smelting and drew attention to it, even though he himself achieved little success.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    H.R.Schubert, 1957, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry AD 430 to AD 1775, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.
    W.K.V.Gale, 1967, The British Iron and Steel Industry: A Technical History, London (provides brief details of Dudley's life in relation to the history of ironmaking).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Dudley, Dud

  • 17 अयस् _ayas

    अयस् a. [इ-गतौ-असुन्] Going, moving; nimble. n.
    (-यः) 1 Iron (एति चलति अयस्कान्तसंनिकर्षं इति तथात्वम्; नायसोल्लिख्यते रत्नम् Śukra 4.169. अभितप्तमयो$पि मार्दवं भजते कैव कथा शरीरिषु R.8.43.
    -2 Steel.
    -3 Gold.
    -4 A metal in general.
    -5 Aloe wood.
    -6 An iron instrument; यदयोनिधनं याति सो$स्य धर्मः सनातनः Mb.6.17.11.
    -7 Going. m. Fire. [cf. L. aes, aeris; Goth. ais, eisarn; Ger. eisin].
    -Comp. -अग्रम्, -अग्रकम् a hammer, a mace or club tipped with iron; a pestle for cleaning grain.
    -अपाष्टि a. Ved. furnished with iron claws or heels.
    -कंसः, -सम् an iron goblet.
    -कणपम् A kind of weapon, which throws out iron-balls; अयःकणपचक्राश्म- भुशुण्डयुक्तबाहवः Mb.1.227.25.
    -काण्डः 1 an iron-arrow.
    -2 excellent iron.
    -3 a large quantity of iron.
    -कान्तः (अयस्कान्तः)
    1 'beloved of iron', a magnet, load-stone; शम्भोर्यतध्वमाक्रष्टुमयस्कान्तेन लोहवत् Ku.2.59; स चकर्ष परस्मा- त्तदयस्कान्त इवायसम् R.17.63; U.4.21. अयस्कान्तमयः संक्रामति M. Bh. on P.III.1.7.
    -2 a precious stone; ˚मणिः a loadstone; अयस्कान्तमणिशलाकेव लोहधातुमन्तः- करणमाकृष्टवती Māl.1.
    -कारः 1 an iron-smith, blacksmith.
    -2 the upper part of the thigh.
    -किट्टम्, -कीजम् rust of iron.
    -कुम्भः an iron vessel, boiler &c.; so ˚पात्रम्.
    -कुशा a rope partly consisting of iron.
    -कृतिः f.a preparation of iron; one of the ways of curing leprosy (महाकुष्ठचिकि- त्साभेदः).
    -गः an iron hammer.
    -गुडः 1 a pill; one made of some preparation of iron.
    -2 an iron ball; दीप्तशूलष्टर्ययोगुडान् Ms.3.133.
    -3 A kind of weapon con- sisting of iron balls; लगुडायोगुडाश्मानः Mb.7.3.16.
    -घनः [अयो हन्यते अनेन इति P.III.3.82] an iron hammer, forge hammer; गदापरिघनिस्त्रिंशपट्टिशायोघनोपलैः Mb. 7.25.58. अयोघनेनाय इवाभितप्तम्R.14.33.
    -चूर्णम् iron filings.
    -जाल a. having iron nets; of impenetrable guiles. (
    -लम्) an iron net-work; अयोजालानि निर्मथ्य भित्त्वा रत्नगृहं वरम् Rām.3.35.35.
    -ताप a. making iron red-hot.
    -दत्, -दंष्ट्र a. Ved. iron-toothed, having iron rims (as chariots); having iron weapons; पश्यन् हिरण्यचक्रान- योदंष्ट्रान् विधोवतो वराहून् Rv.1.88.5.
    -दती a. proper name; (स्त्रियां संज्ञायाम् P.V.4.143).
    -दण्डः an iron club, K.76.
    -धातुः iron metal; अयोधातुं यद्वत्परिलघुरयस्कान्त- शकलः U.4.21.
    -पानम् (अयःपानम्) N. of a hell (where redhot iron is forced down the throats of those who are condemned to it).
    -पिण्डः A canon-ball.
    -प्रतिमा (अयःप्रतिमा) an iron image.
    -बाहुः Name of a son of Dhṛitarāṣṭra.
    -मलम् rust of iron; so ˚रजः, ˚रसः.
    -मुख a. (
    -खी f.)
    1 having an iron mouth, face, or beak.
    -2 tipped or pointed with iron; भूमिं भूमिशयांश्चैव हन्ति काष्ठमयोमुखम् Ms.1.84. (
    -खः) an arrow (iron- pointed); भेत्स्यत्यजः कुम्भमयोमुखेन R.5.55.
    -शङ्कुः 1 an iron spear;
    -2 an iron nail, pointed iron spike, अयःशङ्कुचितां रक्षः शतघ्नीमथ शत्रवे R.12.95.
    -शय a. lying in, made of iron, (said of fire).
    -शूलम् 1 an iron lance.
    -2 a forcible means, a violent proceeding (तीक्ष्णः उपायः Sk.); (cf. आयःशूलिक; also K. P.1; अयःशूलेन अन्विच्छतीत्यायःशूलिकः).
    -स्थूण a.
    1 (अय˚ or यः˚) having iron pillars or stakes. हिरण्यरूपमुषसो व्युष्टावयः- स्थूणमुदिता सूर्यस्य Rv.5.62.8.
    -2 Name of a Ṛiṣi Śat. Br.
    -हत a. Ved. embossed in iron-work, made by a priest who wears a golden ring on his finger (B. and R.); रक्षोहा विश्वचर्षणिरभि योनिमयोहतम् Rv.9.1.2.
    -हृदय a. iron-hearted, stern, cruel, unrelenting; सुहृदयोहृदयः प्रतिगर्जताम् R.9.9.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > अयस् _ayas

  • 18 industria

    f.
    1 industry.
    industria alimentaria food industry
    industria automovilística o del automóvil car industry
    industria cinematográfica o del cine film o movie industry
    industria del ocio leisure industry
    industria punta sunrise industry
    2 factory.
    3 diligence, industry, application, sedulousness.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: industriar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: industriar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) industry
    2 (fábrica) factory
    \
    industria terciaria tertiary industry
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Com) industry

    industria automovilística — car industry, auto industry (EEUU)

    industria del automóvil — car industry, automobile industry (EEUU)

    industria militar — weapons industry, defence industry

    2) (=fábrica) factory
    3) (=dedicación) industry, industriousness
    4) † (=maña) ingenuity, skill, expertise
    * * *
    femenino (Com, Econ) industry
    * * *
    = industry, industrial organisation.
    Ex. Library automation has become a multimillion dollar industry.
    Ex. This article discusses the changing information needs of users in industrial organisations.
    ----
    * científico de la industria = industrial scientist.
    * crisis de la industria del libro = book crisis.
    * estándar de la industria = industry standard.
    * industria aeroespacial, la = aerospace industry, the.
    * industria aeronáutica, la = airline industry, the, aviation industry, the.
    * industria agrícola = agro-industry.
    * industria agrícola, la = agricultural industry, the.
    * industria alcoholera, la = alcohol industry, the.
    * industria alimentaria = food industry.
    * industria alimenticia = food industry.
    * industria artesanal = cottage industry.
    * industria bancaria, la = banking industry, the.
    * industria cárnica, la = meat industry, the.
    * industria cinematográfica, la = film making industry, the, film industry, the, movie industry, the.
    * industria de actividades al aire libre, la = outdoor industry, the.
    * industria de defensa, la = defence industry, the [defense industry, -USA].
    * industria dedicada a la producción de carne de vaca, la = beef industry, the.
    * industria de la aeronáutica, la = aviation industry, the, airline industry, the.
    * industria de la aviación, la = aviation industry, the.
    * industria de la bebida, la = beverage industry, the.
    * industria del acero = steel industry.
    * industria de la cerveza, la = brewing industry, the.
    * industria de la comida rápida, la = fast-food industry, the.
    * industria de la confección = clothing industry.
    * industria de la confección, la = garment industry, the.
    * industria de la conserva, la = canned goods industry, the, tinned goods industry, the.
    * industria de la construcción, la = construction industry, the, building industry, the.
    * industria de la edición = book publishing industry.
    * industria de la edición de libros = book publishing industry.
    * industria de la edición impresa = print industry.
    * industria de la edición, la = publishing industry, the.
    * industria de la fabricación de muelles, la = spring industry, the.
    * industria de la hojalata, la = tinplate industry, the.
    * industria de la iluminación, la = lighting industry, the.
    * industria de la imprenta, la = printing industry, the.
    * industria de la información electrónica = electronic information industry.
    * industria de la información en línea, la = online industry, the, online information industry, the.
    * industria de la información, la = information industry, the.
    * industria de la informática = computer industry.
    * industria de la ingeniería eléctrica, la = electrical engineering industry, the.
    * industria de la ingeniería química, la = chemical engineering industry, the.
    * industria del alcohol, la = alcohol industry, the.
    * industria del aluminio, la = aluminium industry, the.
    * industria de la madera = timber industry.
    * industria de la moda, la = fashion industry, the.
    * industria de la prensa, la = newspaper industry, the.
    * industria de la propiedad = property industry.
    * industria de la propiedad intelectual = intellectual property industry.
    * industria de la radio y televisión, la = broadcasting industry, the.
    * industria de las bases de datos = database industry.
    * industria de las comunicaciones = communications industry.
    * industria de las exposiciones comerciales = trade show industry.
    * industria de las ferias de muestras = trade show industry.
    * industria de las finanzas, la = finance industry, the.
    * industria de las publicaciones periódicas, la = serial industry, the.
    * industria de las publicaciones seriadas, la = serials industry, the.
    * industria de las telecomunicaciones, la = telecommunications industry, the.
    * industria del automóvil, la = automotive industry, the, automobile industry, the, motor trade, the, motor industry, the.
    * industria del carbón = coal industry.
    * industria del CD-ROM = CD-ROM industry.
    * industria del cine, la = film making industry, the, film industry, the, movie industry, the.
    * industria del cuero = leather industry.
    * industria del espectáculo, la = show business.
    * industria del ganado lanar = sheep farming.
    * industria del gas = gas industry.
    * industria del libro = book industry.
    * industria del libro, la = bookmaking industry, the.
    * industria del motor, la = motor industry, the.
    * industria del ocio, la = entertainment industry, the.
    * industria de los alimentos = food industry.
    * industria de los medios de comunicación de masas = mass communications industry.
    * industria de los productos lácteos, la = dairy industry, the.
    * industria del papel = paper industry.
    * industria del periódico, la = newspaper industry, the.
    * industria del petróleo = petroleum industry.
    * industria del sector turístico = tourism industry.
    * industria del software, la = software industry, the.
    * industria del tabaco, la = tobacco industry, the.
    * industria del turismo = tourism industry.
    * industria del vestir = clothing industry.
    * industria de servicios = service industry.
    * industria de servicios financieros, la = financial services industry, the.
    * industria discográfica, la = record production industry, the, music industry, the, record industry, the, recording industry, the, music business, the.
    * industria editorial = book industry.
    * industria editorial, la = publishing industry, the.
    * industria energética = energy industry, energy company.
    * industria energética, la = energy utility business, the.
    * industria farmacéutica, la = pharmaceutical industry, the.
    * industria financiera, la = finance industry, the.
    * industria hotelera, la = hotel industry, the.
    * industria láctea, la = dairy industry, the.
    * industria ligera = light industry.
    * industria maderera = timber industry.
    * industria manufacturera = manufacturing industry.
    * industria marina, la = marine industry, the.
    * industria marítima, la = maritime industry, the.
    * industria metalúrgica, la = metallurgical industry, the.
    * industria naval, la = shipping industry, the.
    * industria naviera = shipbuilding industry.
    * industria naviera, la = shipping industry, the.
    * industria nuclear, la = nuclear industry, the.
    * industria papelera = paper industry.
    * industria para la preparación de alimentos = food processing industry.
    * industria pesada = heavy industry.
    * industria pesquera, la = fishing industry, the, fishery industry, the.
    * industria petroquímica = petrochemical industry.
    * industria química = chemical industry.
    * industria química, la = chemical industry, the.
    * industrias que dependen de los recursos humanos = personnel based industries.
    * industria textil = textile industry.
    * industria turística = tourism industry.
    * industria turística, la = tourist industry, the.
    * la industria de la informática = computer industry.
    * Ministerio de Comercio e Industria = Department of Trade and Industry.
    * norma de la industria = industry standard.
    * para toda la industria = industry-wide.
    * período de prácticas en la industria = industrial placement.
    * sector de la industria farmacéutica, el = pharmaceutical sector, the.
    * trabajador de la industria = industrial worker.
    * * *
    femenino (Com, Econ) industry
    * * *
    = industry, industrial organisation.

    Ex: Library automation has become a multimillion dollar industry.

    Ex: This article discusses the changing information needs of users in industrial organisations.
    * científico de la industria = industrial scientist.
    * crisis de la industria del libro = book crisis.
    * estándar de la industria = industry standard.
    * industria aeroespacial, la = aerospace industry, the.
    * industria aeronáutica, la = airline industry, the, aviation industry, the.
    * industria agrícola = agro-industry.
    * industria agrícola, la = agricultural industry, the.
    * industria alcoholera, la = alcohol industry, the.
    * industria alimentaria = food industry.
    * industria alimenticia = food industry.
    * industria artesanal = cottage industry.
    * industria bancaria, la = banking industry, the.
    * industria cárnica, la = meat industry, the.
    * industria cinematográfica, la = film making industry, the, film industry, the, movie industry, the.
    * industria de actividades al aire libre, la = outdoor industry, the.
    * industria de defensa, la = defence industry, the [defense industry, -USA].
    * industria dedicada a la producción de carne de vaca, la = beef industry, the.
    * industria de la aeronáutica, la = aviation industry, the, airline industry, the.
    * industria de la aviación, la = aviation industry, the.
    * industria de la bebida, la = beverage industry, the.
    * industria del acero = steel industry.
    * industria de la cerveza, la = brewing industry, the.
    * industria de la comida rápida, la = fast-food industry, the.
    * industria de la confección = clothing industry.
    * industria de la confección, la = garment industry, the.
    * industria de la conserva, la = canned goods industry, the, tinned goods industry, the.
    * industria de la construcción, la = construction industry, the, building industry, the.
    * industria de la edición = book publishing industry.
    * industria de la edición de libros = book publishing industry.
    * industria de la edición impresa = print industry.
    * industria de la edición, la = publishing industry, the.
    * industria de la fabricación de muelles, la = spring industry, the.
    * industria de la hojalata, la = tinplate industry, the.
    * industria de la iluminación, la = lighting industry, the.
    * industria de la imprenta, la = printing industry, the.
    * industria de la información electrónica = electronic information industry.
    * industria de la información en línea, la = online industry, the, online information industry, the.
    * industria de la información, la = information industry, the.
    * industria de la informática = computer industry.
    * industria de la ingeniería eléctrica, la = electrical engineering industry, the.
    * industria de la ingeniería química, la = chemical engineering industry, the.
    * industria del alcohol, la = alcohol industry, the.
    * industria del aluminio, la = aluminium industry, the.
    * industria de la madera = timber industry.
    * industria de la moda, la = fashion industry, the.
    * industria de la prensa, la = newspaper industry, the.
    * industria de la propiedad = property industry.
    * industria de la propiedad intelectual = intellectual property industry.
    * industria de la radio y televisión, la = broadcasting industry, the.
    * industria de las bases de datos = database industry.
    * industria de las comunicaciones = communications industry.
    * industria de las exposiciones comerciales = trade show industry.
    * industria de las ferias de muestras = trade show industry.
    * industria de las finanzas, la = finance industry, the.
    * industria de las publicaciones periódicas, la = serial industry, the.
    * industria de las publicaciones seriadas, la = serials industry, the.
    * industria de las telecomunicaciones, la = telecommunications industry, the.
    * industria del automóvil, la = automotive industry, the, automobile industry, the, motor trade, the, motor industry, the.
    * industria del carbón = coal industry.
    * industria del CD-ROM = CD-ROM industry.
    * industria del cine, la = film making industry, the, film industry, the, movie industry, the.
    * industria del cuero = leather industry.
    * industria del espectáculo, la = show business.
    * industria del ganado lanar = sheep farming.
    * industria del gas = gas industry.
    * industria del libro = book industry.
    * industria del libro, la = bookmaking industry, the.
    * industria del motor, la = motor industry, the.
    * industria del ocio, la = entertainment industry, the.
    * industria de los alimentos = food industry.
    * industria de los medios de comunicación de masas = mass communications industry.
    * industria de los productos lácteos, la = dairy industry, the.
    * industria del papel = paper industry.
    * industria del periódico, la = newspaper industry, the.
    * industria del petróleo = petroleum industry.
    * industria del sector turístico = tourism industry.
    * industria del software, la = software industry, the.
    * industria del tabaco, la = tobacco industry, the.
    * industria del turismo = tourism industry.
    * industria del vestir = clothing industry.
    * industria de servicios = service industry.
    * industria de servicios financieros, la = financial services industry, the.
    * industria discográfica, la = record production industry, the, music industry, the, record industry, the, recording industry, the, music business, the.
    * industria editorial = book industry.
    * industria editorial, la = publishing industry, the.
    * industria energética = energy industry, energy company.
    * industria energética, la = energy utility business, the.
    * industria farmacéutica, la = pharmaceutical industry, the.
    * industria financiera, la = finance industry, the.
    * industria hotelera, la = hotel industry, the.
    * industria láctea, la = dairy industry, the.
    * industria ligera = light industry.
    * industria maderera = timber industry.
    * industria manufacturera = manufacturing industry.
    * industria marina, la = marine industry, the.
    * industria marítima, la = maritime industry, the.
    * industria metalúrgica, la = metallurgical industry, the.
    * industria naval, la = shipping industry, the.
    * industria naviera = shipbuilding industry.
    * industria naviera, la = shipping industry, the.
    * industria nuclear, la = nuclear industry, the.
    * industria papelera = paper industry.
    * industria para la preparación de alimentos = food processing industry.
    * industria pesada = heavy industry.
    * industria pesquera, la = fishing industry, the, fishery industry, the.
    * industria petroquímica = petrochemical industry.
    * industria química = chemical industry.
    * industria química, la = chemical industry, the.
    * industrias que dependen de los recursos humanos = personnel based industries.
    * industria textil = textile industry.
    * industria turística = tourism industry.
    * industria turística, la = tourist industry, the.
    * la industria de la informática = computer industry.
    * Ministerio de Comercio e Industria = Department of Trade and Industry.
    * norma de la industria = industry standard.
    * para toda la industria = industry-wide.
    * período de prácticas en la industria = industrial placement.
    * sector de la industria farmacéutica, el = pharmaceutical sector, the.
    * trabajador de la industria = industrial worker.

    * * *
    A ( Com, Econ) industry
    la industria de la construcción the construction industry
    Compuestos:
    cottage industry
    motor industry, car industry
    cottage industry
    telecommunications industry
    sex industry
    space industry
    light industry
    arms o weapons industry, defense* industry
    heavy industry
    fishing industry
    staple industries (pl)
    iron and steel industry
    B
    1 (esfuerzo) diligence, industry
    2 (destreza) resourcefulness, ingenuity
    * * *

    industria sustantivo femenino (Com, Econ) industry;

    industria pesquera fishing industry
    industria sustantivo femenino industry
    industria siderúrgica, iron and steel industry

    ' industria' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aeronáutica
    - aeronáutico
    - azucarera
    - azucarero
    - cafetera
    - cafetero
    - cárnica
    - cárnico
    - cinematográfica
    - cinematográfico
    - confección
    - construcción
    - manufactura
    - minería
    - peletería
    - perfumería
    - repunte
    - revolucionar
    - sombrerería
    - turismo
    - alimenticio
    - ascenso
    - atrasar
    - automotor
    - crecimiento
    - fomentar
    - hotelería
    - lechero
    - levantar
    - nacional
    - nacionalización
    - nacionalizar
    - obrero
    - paralizar
    - ramo
    - reconvertir
    - usina
    - vinícola
    English:
    cosmetic
    - cottage industry
    - cripple
    - develop
    - DTI
    - encourage
    - encouragement
    - forefront
    - high-tech
    - industry
    - meat industry
    - oil industry
    - printing
    - publishing
    - rag trade
    - rundown
    - service industry
    - standstill
    - steel industry
    - tourist industry
    - trade
    - woolen
    - woollen
    - business
    - fishery
    - growth industry
    - manufacturing
    - tourist
    * * *
    1. [sector] industry
    la industria agroalimentaria the food and agriculture industry;
    industria automotriz car o Br motor o US automobile industry;
    industria del automóvil car o Br motor o US automobile industry;
    industria automovilística car o Br motor o US automobile industry;
    industria del entretenimiento entertainment industry;
    industria en expansión growth industry;
    industria ligera light industry;
    industria del ocio leisure industry;
    industria pesada heavy industry;
    industria punta sunrise industry;
    industria textil textile industry;
    industria de transformación manufacturing industry;
    industria del turismo tourist industry;
    industria turística tourist industry
    2. [fábrica] factory
    3. [habilidad] industry, hard work
    * * *
    f
    1 actividad, sector industry
    2 ( esfuerzo) industriousness, industry
    * * *
    : industry
    * * *
    industria n industry [pl. industries]

    Spanish-English dictionary > industria

  • 19 Adamson, Daniel

    [br]
    b. 1818 Shildon, Co. Durham, England
    d. January 1890 Didsbury, Manchester, England
    [br]
    English mechanical engineer, pioneer in the use of steel for boilers, which enabled higher pressures to be introduced; pioneer in the use of triple-and quadruple-expansion mill engines.
    [br]
    Adamson was apprenticed between 1835 and 1841 to Timothy Hackworth, then Locomotive Superintendent on the Stockton \& Darlington Railway. After this he was appointed Draughtsman, then Superintendent Engineer, at that railway's locomotive works until in 1847 he became Manager of Shildon Works. In 1850 he resigned and moved to act as General Manager of Heaton Foundry, Stockport. In the following year he commenced business on his own at Newton Moor Iron Works near Manchester, where he built up his business as an iron-founder and boilermaker. By 1872 this works had become too small and he moved to a 4 acre (1.6 hectare) site at Hyde Junction, Dukinfield. There he employed 600 men making steel boilers, heavy machinery including mill engines fitted with the American Wheelock valve gear, hydraulic plant and general millwrighting. His success was based on his early recognition of the importance of using high-pressure steam and steel instead of wrought iron. In 1852 he patented his type of flanged seam for the firetubes of Lancashire boilers, which prevented these tubes cracking through expansion. In 1862 he patented the fabrication of boilers by drilling rivet holes instead of punching them and also by drilling the holes through two plates held together in their assembly positions. He had started to use steel for some boilers he made for railway locomotives in 1857, and in 1860, only four years after Bessemer's patent, he built six mill engine boilers from steel for Platt Bros, Oldham. He solved the problems of using this new material, and by his death had made c.2,800 steel boilers with pressures up to 250 psi (17.6 kg/cm2).
    He was a pioneer in the general introduction of steel and in 1863–4 was a partner in establishing the Yorkshire Iron and Steel Works at Penistone. This was the first works to depend entirely upon Bessemer steel for engineering purposes and was later sold at a large profit to Charles Cammell \& Co., Sheffield. When he started this works, he also patented improvements both to the Bessemer converters and to the engines which provided their blast. In 1870 he helped to turn Lincolnshire into an important ironmaking area by erecting the North Lincolnshire Ironworks. He was also a shareholder in ironworks in South Wales and Cumberland.
    He contributed to the development of the stationary steam engine, for as early as 1855 he built one to run with a pressure of 150 psi (10.5 kg/cm) that worked quite satisfactorily. He reheated the steam between the cylinders of compound engines and then in 1861–2 patented a triple-expansion engine, followed in 1873 by a quadruple-expansion one to further economize steam. In 1858 he developed improved machinery for testing tensile strength and compressive resistance of materials, and in the same year patents for hydraulic lifting jacks and riveting machines were obtained.
    He was a founding member of the Iron and Steel Institute and became its President in 1888 when it visited Manchester. The previous year he had been President of the Institution of Civil Engineers when he was presented with the Bessemer Gold Medal. He was a constant contributor at the meetings of these associations as well as those of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. He did not live to see the opening of one of his final achievements, the Manchester Ship Canal. He was the one man who, by his indomitable energy and skill at public speaking, roused the enthusiasm of the people in Manchester for this project and he made it a really practical proposition in the face of strong opposition.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1887.
    President, Iron and Steel Institute 1888. Institution of Civil Engineers Bessemer Gold Medal 1887.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, Engineer 69:56.
    Obituary, Engineering 49:66–8.
    H.W.Dickinson, 1938, A Short History of the Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (provides an illustration of Adamson's flanged seam for boilers).
    R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (covers the development of the triple-expansion engine).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Adamson, Daniel

  • 20 Bessemer, Sir Henry

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 19 January 1813 Charlton (near Hitchin), Hertfordshire, England
    d. 15 January 1898 Denmark Hill, London, England
    [br]
    English inventor of the Bessemer steelmaking process.
    [br]
    The most valuable part of Bessemer's education took place in the workshop of his inventor father. At the age of only 17 he went to London to seek his fortune and set himself up in the trade of casting art works in white metal. He went on to the embossing of metals and other materials and this led to his first major invention, whereby a date was incorporated in the die for embossing seals, thus preventing the wholesale forgeries that had previously been committed. For this, a grateful Government promised Bessemer a paid position, a promise that was never kept; recognition came only in 1879 with a belated knighthood. Bessemer turned to other inventions, mainly in metalworking, including a process for making bronze powder and gold paint. After he had overcome technical problems, the process became highly profitable, earning him a considerable income during the forty years it was in use.
    The Crimean War presented inventors such as Bessemer with a challenge when weaknesses in the iron used to make the cannon became apparent. In 1856, at his Baxter House premises in St Paneras, London, he tried fusing cast iron with steel. Noticing the effect of an air current on the molten mixture, he constructed a reaction vessel or converter in which air was blown through molten cast iron. There was a vigorous reaction which nearly burned the house down, and Bessemer found the iron to be almost completely decarburized, without the slag threads always present in wrought iron. Bessemer had in fact invented not only a new process but a new material, mild steel. His paper "On the manufacture of malleable iron and steel without fuel" at the British Association meeting in Cheltenham later that year created a stir. Bessemer was courted by ironmasters to license the process. However, success was short-lived, for they found that phosphorus in the original iron ore passed into the metal and rendered it useless. By chance, Bessemer had used in his trials pig-iron, derived from haematite, a phosphorus-free ore. Bessemer tried hard to overcome the problem, but lacking chemical knowledge he resigned himself to limiting his process to this kind of pig-iron. This limitation was removed in 1879 by Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, who substituted a chemically basic lining in the converter in place of the acid lining used by Bessemer. This reacted with the phosphorus to form a substance that could be tapped off with the slag, leaving the steel free from this harmful element. Even so, the new material had begun to be applied in engineering, especially for railways. The open-hearth process developed by Siemens and the Martin brothers complemented rather than competed with Bessemer steel. The widespread use of the two processes had a revolutionary effect on mechanical and structural engineering and earned Bessemer around £1 million in royalties before the patents expired.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1879. FRS 1879. Royal Society of Arts Albert Gold Medal 1872.
    Bibliography
    1905, Sir Henry Bessemer FRS: An Autobiography, London.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Bessemer, Sir Henry

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

  • Steel, Peech and Tozer — was a large steel maker with works situated at Ickles and Templeborough, in the Don Valley on the outskirts of Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England. History An area of land, almost a crescent shape through Masbrough and Ickles, on the edge of the… …   Wikipedia

  • Iron(III) oxide — Iron(III) oxide …   Wikipedia

  • steel — [stēl] n. [ME stel < OE stiele, stæli, akin to Ger stahl < IE * stak , to stand: see STAY1] 1. a hard, tough metal composed of iron alloyed with various small percentages of carbon and often variously with other metals, as nickel, chromium …   English World dictionary

  • steel — steellike, adj. /steel/, n. 1. any of various modified forms of iron, artificially produced, having a carbon content less than that of pig iron and more than that of wrought iron, and having qualities of hardness, elasticity, and strength varying …   Universalium

  • Iron — Fe redirects here. For other uses, see Fe (disambiguation). This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see Iron (disambiguation). manganese …   Wikipedia

  • Steel — For other uses, see Steel (disambiguation). The steel cable of a colliery winding tower …   Wikipedia

  • Steel mill — Blast furnaces of Třinec Iron and Steel Works Interior of a steel mill …   Wikipedia

  • Making fire — A flint, metal implement to strike with it, charred cloth and piece of mushroom Fire was an essential tool in early human cultural development and still important today. Many different techniques for making fire (also called firemaking,… …   Wikipedia

  • iron — ironless, adj. ironlike, adj. /uy euhrn/, n. 1. Chem. a ductile, malleable, silver white metallic element, scarcely known in a pure condition, but much used in its crude or impure carbon containing forms for making tools, implements, machinery,… …   Universalium

  • Steel Valley (Pittsburgh) — Christopher Columbus first settledd in the Steel Valley area of post industrial and industrial concentration along the upper Ohio River valley as well as the Monongahela River all the way to the West Virginia border. It has also has included most …   Wikipedia

  • Iron Fist (comics) — Iron Fist Art by Carlos Pacheco. Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics …   Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»